Procedure to PROPERLY backup iPhone on iTunes on PC?

Hi, I just had a Hard Drive tank on my PC -now up& running again, but lost my data on the original drive I have briefly looked at the procedure online on how to re-install iTunes on the PC and then basically back-sync the contents back onto my PC.
I was wondering if anyone that was real sync-savvy would just explain to me the direction that I should have in the iTunes settings before I connect the phone back onto the PC, with safeguard in mind so I don't screw up. I have had some friends lose everything when they synced their phone to a fresh install of iTunes.
It would appear that I do have my iCloud settings properly in place as an alternative, but I feel better if I also have a local copy of my phone as well.

Also, as I dare to ask… Is there any feasible way as of yet to say, if a friend emails me a mp3 song, etc. To my phone, that I can just add it to the phone without docking to the PC/iTunes method? I know, probably a cardinal sin to even ask, haha.

Any tips and tricks appreciated!

Just connect your phone and click backup. I'm not sure how it could get any simpler.

Connect phone to computer and click back up

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