Can you access everything you backed up on iTunes from your iPhone without it?

So I recently had my iPhone stolen but I think I backed up my phone everytime I plugged it into my computer. So everything was backed up on my iTunes. Is there anyway I can find all of my backed up photos and apps without having my phone? Would I have to get a new phone and plug it in?

It should be on iTunes, check your library, and if it isn't, it's definitely in your iCloud, so whenever you do get an apple device, turn on iCloud, enter your apple I'd and password, and everything should be on there

Try this steps:
1.Back up your old device to iCloud by going to Settings > iCloud > Storage & Backup and toggling iCloud Backup on. Ensure that your device is connected to Wi-Fi and connected to a power source before backing up.
2.iCloud backs up your device once a day. If your device needs to be backed up before migrating, tap Back Up Now in Settings > iCloud > Storage & Backup to view the status of your backup. Do not begin migration before the backup is finished to ensure all data has been backed up. For more information about backups in iCloud, see iCloud: Backup and restore overview.iOS 7
3. When the backup of your old device is finished, turn on your new device and complete the setup assistant by selecting your language and country, and choose whether to enable Location Services. When prompted, choose your Wi-Fi network.
4. When prompted to set up, choose "Restore from iCloud Backup," tap next, and enter your Apple ID and password.
5.Select the backup of your old device and tap Restore. Wait until the device has finished restoring from the backup.
6. When the restore process is complete, your device will restart. Then it will be ready for use. You should connect the device to iTunes to sync data not contained in the backup (such as music, videos, apps, and so on). You can verify and change which data are synced by clicking the syncing tabs in iTunes.